Imbali epheleleyo yeMvelaphi kunye noPhuhliso lweNkqubo yokuLokha nokuLayibha iLOTO

Imbali epheleleyo yeMvelaphi kunye noPhuhliso lweNkqubo yokuLokha nokuLayibha iLOTO
I. Isigaba sobuntwana: Iindlela zoKhuseleko lwaBantu basekuqaleni (ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20 - kwiminyaka yoo-1960)
Ingcamango "yokutshixa ngaphandle" yaqala ukubonakala kwishishini lezoololiwe.
Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19 ukuya ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, xa abasebenzi bokulungisa oololiwe babelungisa abantu abaphumayo kunye neekhabhathi zokulawula imiqondiso, babezivalela iibhokisi zokutshintsha ngeetshixo baze baxhome imiqondiso yesilumkiso ebhalwe ngesandla ukuthintela abanye ekwenzeni iimpazamo. Lo yayingumzekelo wokuqala wengcamango yeTagout + iLock elula.
Amanyathelo Okulumkisa Alula Kwasefektri
Emva kophuhliso olukhawulezileyo lwemizi-mveliso, iingozi ezifana nokutyumzwa koomatshini kunye nokutshayiswa kombane kwenzeka rhoqo ngexesha lokulungiswa kweempazamo kwiindawo zokusebenzela zokunyathela, zelaphu, kunye nezoomatshini. Amashishini ayesebenzisa kuphela imicu yamaphepha kunye neebhodi zomthi njengemiqondiso yokulumkisa ukumisa umatshini, kodwa kwakungekho zixhobo zokutshixa ezibonakalayo, kwaye iimpawu zokulumkisa zazisuswa lula okanye zinganakwa, nto leyo eyabangela inani elikhulu leengozi.
Umkhwa Wokuzitshixa Olula Oziqalele Woshishino
Amanye amashishini amakhulu okuvelisa izinto azenzele imithetho yangaphakathi ngokuzimeleyo: Ngaphambi kokulungiswa, ayeyiqhawula iswitshi ephambili aze ayitshixe ngetshitshi eqhelekileyo, kodwa kwakungekho mgangatho udibeneyo, akukho sitshixo sokhuseleko esizinikeleyo, kwaye akukho zixhobo zokutshixa ezisetyenziswa ngabantu abaninzi. Lo yayingumsebenzi oqhelekileyo nongacwangciswanga, kwaye akukho nkqubo imiselweyo eyenziweyo.
II. Umthetho Ukhuthaza Inqanaba: Ukukhuthazwa koMthetho ngeeNtlekele zokulimala ezinxulumene nomsebenzi eMelika (1970 - 1988)
1. Isiseko sezomthetho esikumgangatho ophezulu: uMthetho woKhuseleko neMpilo eMsebenzini ka-1970
Idatha yokulimala kwemizi-mveliso eMelika ngeminyaka yoo-1960 yayimangalisa. Ngo-1970, lonke ilizwe lalinomyinge wokufa kwabasebenzi abayi-14,000 ngenxa yokwenzakala okunxulumene nomsebenzi kunye nezigidi zokulimala okunzulu. Kuloo nyaka mnye, uNixon wasayina uMthetho we-OSH, eseka i-OSHA - i-United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration, enika urhulumente amandla okunyanzelisa imigaqo yokhuseleko lwemizi-mveliso. Isiqendu soxanduva oluqhelekileyo lomthetho sele sifuna amashishini ukuba alawule umngcipheko wokuqalisa izixhobo ngengozi, kodwa kwakungekho mithetho ithile ye-LOTO.
2. Umanyano lukhuthaza ukusekwa kweMigangatho eSinyanzelo (iKey Node ngo-1979)
Kwishishini lokuvelisa iimoto, abasebenzi abaninzi bokulungisa bafa ngenxa yokungazivaleli imithombo yamandla, kwaye izixhobo zaqalwa ngempazamo. Bekukho iingozi ezibulalayo ezingama-22 ezifanayo kwishishini leemoto kuphela. I-United Automobile Workers Union (UAW) icele i-OSHA ukuba izise umgangatho ongxamisekileyo wexeshana oyimfuneko ngokukodwa ukulawula ukwahlulwa kwamandla ayingozi kunye nenkqubo yokuvalelwa ngaphandle. Ulawulo loKhuseleko kunye nezeMpilo eMsebenzini.
I-OSHA yamkela esi sicelo yaza yakhupha isibhengezo somgangatho we-LOTO ngo-1980 emva kweminyaka esi-8 yophando, iindibano zikawonke-wonke, kunye nokucelwa kwezimvo kumashishini. Izibalo ezicwangcisiweyo zokulimala okunxulumene nomsebenzi okungaphezulu kwe-10,000 okunxulumene nokulungiswa kulo lonke ilizwe ziqinisekisile ukuba ngaphezulu kwesiqingatha seengozi zokufa ezibangelwa kukungasebenzi kakuhle kwamandla ayingozi.
III. Ukuzalwa kweMigangatho eSisesikweni yeHlabathi: Ukuphunyezwa kweMigaqo eSinyanzelo yeLOTO ngo-1989
Ukukhululwa kweMithetho ePhambili
Ngomhla woku-1 kuSeptemba 1989, i-OSHA yabhengeza ngokusesikweni umgangatho we-29 CFR 1910.147 “woLawulo lwaMandla anobungozi (ukutshixa ngaphandle)”. Yaqaliswa ngokupheleleyo ngoJanuwari 2, 1990. Le yayiyinkqubo yokuqala ye-LOTO epheleleyo nebophelelayo ngokusemthethweni ehlabathini, iphawula ukuphuculwa kwe-LOTO ukusuka kwimisebenzi esasazekileyo ukuya kwinkqubo yokhuseleko enyanzelekileyo ngokusemthethweni.
Uyilo oluQhelekileyo oluyiNtloko (Ukwenza uMgaqo-nkqubo weLOTO wanamhlanje)
Yahlula phakathi kweempawu zesilumkiso zokutshixa ezibonakalayo zokutshixa: Iimpawu zesilumkiso zezokuncedisa kuphela, kwaye iiswitshi zamandla ezinemingxuma yokutshixa kufuneka zitshixwe ngenkani;
Chaza iseti epheleleyo yeenkqubo ezimiselweyo: Misa – Nciphisa amandla – Khupha amandla aseleyo – Vala i-tag yokutshixa – Vavanya ukuqinisekisa;
Izixhobo Ezikhethekileyo Ezimiselweyo: Izitshixo zokhuseleko lomntu, iikliphu ezoluliweyo (ukutshixa kwabantu abaninzi), izitshixo ze-circuit breaker, izitshixo zevalvu, iithegi zesilumkiso, izikhululo zolawulo lwezitshixo ezikwindawo enye; Iimfuno ezingqongqo zoqeqesho, uhlolo oluqhelekileyo, ukugcinwa kwabantu abaninzi ngenkqubo yokutshixa yomntu omnye, ukuphelisa ngokupheleleyo umngcipheko wokuvulwa kwangaphambi kwexesha kunye nokuqaliswa ngumntu omnye.
4. Ukukhuthaza ukuthandwa kwehlabathi kunye nophuhliso lwendawo
Ukulandelela ngaxeshanye eYurophu naseMelika
I-European Union ikhuphe umyalelo wokhuseleko loomatshini u-2009/104/EC, oquka ngokupheleleyo i-LOTO energy solidation logic ye-OSHA, kwaye iphumeza ngokufanayo ukuvalelwa ngaphandle kunye nokuphawulwa kwimizi-mveliso yaseYurophu; iKhanada kunye neOstreliya nazo ngaxeshanye ziqalise imigaqo yokhuseleko efanayo.
I-China yazisa kwaye iphumeza imigangatho yesizwe
Emva kweminyaka yoo-2000, amashishini amakhulu angaphandle, amashishini eekhemikhali, amashishini kagesi, kunye neemoto eTshayina ayengawokuqala ukwazisa ulawulo lweLOTO;
Ngowama-2017, kwakhutshwa umgangatho wesizwe we-GB/T 33579-2017 othi “Ukhuseleko Loomatshini – Iindlela Zokulawula Amandla Engozi: Ukuvalelwa Ngaphandle”, okubandakanya i-LOTO kwiimfuno eziyimfuneko zomgangatho wemveliso yokhuseleko lwasekhaya, kwaye kwasekwa uthotho olupheleleyo lokhuseleko lwemizi-mveliso oluneebhakethi ezoluliweyo, iilokhi zolawulo, kunye neseti epheleleyo yeelokhi zokhuseleko.
5. Ingcamango Esisiseko Yokuzalwa Kwenkqubo
Inkqubo yeLOTO ayizange yenziwe ngokuphuma emoyeni; yenziwe ngenxa yempembelelo yeengozi ezininzi ezibulalayo ngexesha lokugcinwa kwezakhiwo, ukukhuthazwa kwemibutho yabasebenzi, imithetho karhulumente, kunye nokubonelela ngezixhobo ezisemgangathweni:
Ukuthembela kuphela kwizikhumbuzo zomlomo kunye neempawu zamaphepha akunakukuthintela ukungakhathali komntu;
Kuyimfuneko ukuthembela kwiingcango ezibonakalayo ukuze wenze umqobo ongenakugqithwa;
Kwiimeko zokugcinwa kwabantu abaninzi, ukusetyenziswa kwezihluthulelo zeebhakethi ezinde kufezekisa ukuvaleka okudibeneyo, okuthintela ngempumelelo ukuqalisa ngengozi;
Isitishi sokutshixa esisembindini (Isitishi sokuValela ngaphandle koLawulo) ibonelelwa njengesisombululo sokujongana neengxaki zolawulo lwezixhobo ezisasazekileyo kunye nokufikelela okungathandekiyo, ukuthintela abasebenzi ukuba bangawugqibi inkqubo yokutshixa.